Vol. 7, Issue 1 (2019)

Fig. 1: Number of rice’s companion weed species observed in soil samples with different soil depths of different fields with different rice planting systems. DDSR: dry direct-seeded rice, WDSR: Water direct-seeded rice and MTR: machine-transplanted rice [Source: Chen et al., 2017]

Fig. 2: Number of seeds per m2 soil for different weed groups within different soil depths (1 = 0–5 cm, 2 = 5–10 cm, 3 = 10–15 cm, and 4 = 15–20 cm) [Source: Chen et al., 2017]

Fig. 3: Impacts of six weed control strategies: manual weeding, paraquat plus manual weeding, glyphosate plus manual weeding, atrazine plus manual weeding, atrazine + glyphosate + manual weeding, and atrazine + glyphosate + metolachlor plus manual weeding on weed density (in m^−2) [Muoni et al., 2014]

Fig. 4: Percentage seedling emergence (A) under different flooding depths irrespective of sowing depth and genotype, (B) at different sowing depths irrespective of flooding depth and genotype, (C) of four genotypes under different sowing and flooding depths at 35 DAS, and (D) under different sowing and flooding depths at 35 DAS irrespective of genotype. [Source: Chamara et al., 2018]

Fig. 5: Effect of herbicides on weeds (P. minor and broad-leaved) and wheat productivity in ZT during 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 [Source: Chhokar et al., 2007]

Fig. 6: Effect of puddling on seed distribution of P. minor and R. dentatus [Source: Chhokar et al., 2007]

Fig. 7: Soil strength under ZT and CT [Source: Chhokar et al., 2007]

Fig. 8: Carbon efficiency ratio (CER) in the maize–wheat system as affected by N and weed management [Source: Oyeogbe et al., 2017]

Fig. 9: Number of weed species during the growth period of winter wheat (a), common vetch (b) and maize (c), and the total number of species across the whole season (d) under conventional tillage (T), no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage + stubble retention (TS) and no-tillage + stubble retention (NTS) treatments [Source: Yang, et al., 2018]

Fig. 10: Number of weed species during the growth period of winter wheat (a), common vetch (b) and maize (c), and the total number of species across the whole season (d) under conventional tillage (T), no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage + stubble retention (TS) and no-tillage + stubble retention (NTS) treatments [Source: Yang, et al., 2018]

Fig. 11: (a) Weed above-ground dry matter (ADM, g m^-2) under two tillage systems (CT: conventional tillage, NT: No-tillage) [Source: Acciaresi et al., 2003], (b): Weed above-ground dry matter (ADM, g m^-2), as affected by herbicide rates (0X: no herbicide, 0.5X: half rate and 1.0X: normal rate) [Source: Acciaresi et al., 2003], (c): Weed above-ground dry matter (ADM, g m^-2) as affected by fertilizer rates (0N: no fertilizer applied, 50N: 50 kg N ha^-1 and 100N: 100 kg N ha^-1) [Source: Acciaresi et al., 2003]

Fig. 12: Weed species composition of the weedy plots of strip-tilled non-puddled transplanted wet season rice in 2013 and 201 [Source: Taslima et al., 2018]

Fig. 13: Total weed density under rice-wheat-mungbean cropping system as affected by different tillage and weed management practices [Source: Sapre, 2017]

Fig. 14: Weed species richness (S) by year and tillage system (subsoil tillage (ST), minimum tillage (MT) and no tillage (NT)) observed along in a legume-cereal crop rotation over 9 years [Source: Alarcon et al., 2018]

Fig. 15: Simpson diversity index (D) observed for weed communities by year and tillage system systems (subsoil tillage (ST), minimum tillage (MT) and no tillage (NT)) observed along in a legume-cereal crop rotation over 9 years [Source: Alarcon et al., 2018]

Fig. 16: Total weed emergence (number of seedlings m^−2) from the first rain that triggered weed emergence to 100 DAF during the four growing seasons depending on the amount of residue (Mg ha^−1) for the two types of residue [Source: Ranaivosona et al., 2018]

Fig. 17: Relationship between absolute cumulative weed emergence (number of seedlings m^−2) and cumulative weed emergence relative to that on bare soil and the amount of residue [Source: Ranaivosona et al., 2018]

Fig. 18: Evolution of weed biomass production during growing seasons in relation to the type of residue and the amount of residue for total, monocot and dicot weeds [Source: Ranaivosona et al., 2018]

Fig. 19: Relationship between absolute cumulative weed biomass and cumulative weed biomass relative to the bare soil and the amount of residue for total, monocot and dicot weeds [Source: Ranaivosona et al., 2018]